Movie Review Mike O Donnell Essay - 1641 Words

Mike O’Donnell, a thirty-seven year old Caucasian man, is the character we will be focusing on throughout this paper. He is a father of two kids, Maggie and Alex, and currently going through a failing marriage to his high school sweetheart Scarlet. Mike is also employed in a dead end job where he has no hope of moving up the corporate ladder. Due to his failing marriage and struggles at work, Mike has become very unhappy with how his life has turned out. Miraculously, Mike is given the opportunity to become a teenage again. He is now nearly the same age as his children; which causes certain issues and realizations throughout the movie. Many issues play out throughout the movie due to Mike not initially being able to fit in with the adolescents. Another common issue that is seen throughout the movie is the faulty relationship he currently has with his family. Throughout the movie he slowly begins to repair the relationship with his families. In the end of the movie, Mike realiz es how great his life really was. He is able to become his actual age again, and vastly improves his relationship with his family. Many different concepts can be applied to Mike O’Donnell’s life throughout the movie. A major concept Mike O’Donnell displays is self-esteem. According to the notes provided in class, self-esteem is based on how someone sees their self worth as well as how others perceive them. During high school Mike was use to being seen as one of the most popular kids in the school.

Infectious And Deadly Diseases An Indispensable Approach...

Research paper Infectious and deadly diseases have been known to spread over social networks of people and animals. Network epidemiology has been proved as an indispensable approach for understanding epidemics of infectious diseases and is often used in medical epidemiology and network science. The most famous and practical example of network epidemiology is the GLEAMviz platform, which succeeded in forecasting the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, saving millions of lives. Behind network epidemiology, one can assume that there is a link (i.e. contact) between two or more individuals is a way for contagion. This is a strong simplification of reality as there is already data processing temporal information of the event of a contagious disease between humans and other animals. SocioPatterns is one of the many data processors that collects and analyzes data. As humans constantly use digital media and computational devices in their daily lives, more and more digital traces are left behind. With the ad dition of mobile devices, the amount of data left behind has been exponentially growing. This data is essential to identify the networks that are made between people. SocioPatterns is a research collaboration that adopts a data-driven methodology with the aim of uncovering fundamental patterns in social dynamics and coordinated human activity. This is very hard for them because with the ever changing population and characteristics, technology must be evolved. To achieve its scientific goals,

Hbs Case “Marriott Corporation the Cost of Capital” free essay sample

HBS case â€Å"Marriott Corporation: The cost of capital† 1)Are the four components of Marriotts financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? In my opinion, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy are consistent with its growth objective. As we find in the case, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy: Manage rather than own hotel assets, Invest in projects that increase shareholder value, Optimize the use of debt in the capital structure, and Repurchase undervalued shares; are aligned with the growth objective. Marriott wants to remain a premier growth company. This means aggressively developing appropriate opportunities within our chosen lines of business—lodging, contract services, and related businesses. In each of these areas, their goal is to be the preferred employer, the preferred provider, and the most profitable company. 2)How does Marriott use its estimate of its cost of capital? Does this make sense? In the case is stated that Marriott required three inputs to determine the opportunity cost of capital: debt capacity, debt cost, and equity cost consistent with the amount of debt. The cost of capital varied across the three divisions because all three of the cost-of-capital inputs could differ for each division. This is the most logical approach due to the fact that the projects related to a particular division should be evaluated using the division’s WACC rather than the corporation’s WACC. 3)What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation? In order to calculate the WACC for Marriott’s Corporation I’m going to use the following formulas: 1. Weighted Average Cost of Capital: 2. Levered Beta: Marriott’s structure: D= 60% E=40% Marriott’s corporate tax: Tc= 175. 9 / 398. 9 Tc=0. 441 Marriott’s Pre-tax cost of debt: Debt rate premium above government= 1. 30% U. S. Government Securities Interest Rates: Maturity 30 years = 8. 95% Kd = 0. 0895 + 0. 013 Kd= 0. 1025 Marriott’s after tax cost of equity: Leverag. TcAsset BetaEq. Beta MARRIOTT 41%0. 4410. 7991. 11 MARRIOTT 60%0. 4410. 7991. 47 Ke = rf + Beta * (MRP) Rf=8. 95%(U. S. Government Securities Interest Rate) MRP=7. 43%(Exhibit 5) Ke = 8. 95% + 1. 47 * ( 7. 43%) Ke=0. 20 WACC = (1 0. 44) * 0. 1025 * 60% + 0. 2 * 40% WACC=0. 1139 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation is 11. 9% a)What risk free rate and risk premium did you use to calculate the cost of equity? Risk free rate †¢30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Risk Premium †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and long-term U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) b)How did you measure Marriotts cost of debt? I calculated Marriotts cost of debt adding Marriott’s debt rate premium above government (1. 30%) to the 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rates (8. 95%). 4)What type of investments would you value using Marriotts WACC? I will use Marriott’s WACC to evaluate projects that do not refer to a single division. This can be projects that add are related to the whole company and affect each division. In example, a project related with branding that will increase Marriott overall reputation and value 5)If Marriott used a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business, what would happen to the company overtime? Using a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business will lead to accept bad projects and reject profitable projects. In the case that the IRR of the return was slightly above Marriott WACC you would accept the division’s project although you might be operating bellow the division’s WACC and loosing money. 6)What is the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? In order to calculate the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions I will use the same formulas than in question 3. Hotels ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta HILTON HOTELS CORPORATION13. 30. 7614%0. 770. 697 HOLIDAY CORPORATION28. 81. 3579%1. 660. 435 LA QUINTA MOTOR INNS-6. 40. 8969%0. 170. 397 RAMADA INNS, INC. 11. 71. 3665%0. 50. 667 Average0. 549 Restaurants ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta CHURCH’S FRIED CHICKEN-3. 21. 454%0. 391. 417 COLLINS FOODS INTERNATIONAL20. 31. 4510%0. 571. 365 FRISCH’S RESTAURANTS56. 90. 576%0. 140. 550 LUBY’S CAFETERIAS (Operates cafeterias. ) 15. 10. 761%0. 230. 756 McDONALD’S22. 50. 9423%4. 890. 805 WENDYâ€⠄¢S INTERNA TIONAL4. 61. 3221%1. 051. 149 Average1. 007 LodgingRestaurant D/V50. 0%75. 0% E/V50. 0%25. 0% Tc44%44% Kd10. 05%8. 70% Rf8. 95%6. 90% Rprem1. 10%1. 80% Ke15. 31%29. 74% Eq. Beta0. 8562. 696 Asset Beta0. 5491. 007 Rf8. 95%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%8. 47% Sales % from total41. 00%13. 00% WACC10. 6%11. 08% a)What risk-free rate and risk premium did you use in calculating the cost of equity for each division? Why did you choose these numbers? Risk free rate Lodging division †¢30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) †¢Is a long-term investment Risk Premium Lodging division †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and long-term U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) †¢Is a long term investment Risk free rate Restaurants’ division †¢1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) †¢Is a short-term investment, and the next available option is a 10 years rate which is too long. Risk Premium Restaurants’ division †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and short-term U. S. Treasury bill returns: between 1926-87 (8. 47%) †¢Is a short-term investment, and I used a 1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate as the risk free rate. b)How did you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the debt cost differ across divisions? Why? I calculated each division’s cost of debt adding the division’s debt rate premium above government to the U. S. Government Interest Rates that best represented the divisions behave. Risk free rate Lodging division 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Risk free rate Restaurants’ division †¢1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) The debt cost should differ across divisions because each one operate as independent business with different behavior. c)How did you measure the beta of each division? In order to measure the beta of each division, I got the average Asset Beta of the companies that where more similar to the division, and I leverage it with the capital structure of the particular division. 7)What is the cost of capital for Marriotts contract services division? How can you estimate its equity cost of capital without publicly traded comparable companies? In order to calculate the cost of capital for the contract service division I will use most of the formulas I stated on question number three. Additionally, as we do not have data of similar companies that we can use to extract the contract service division’s Asset Beta, I will calculate the WACC for the contract service division using the following formula: Marriott’s Asset Beta = (Lodging Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) + (Restaurants Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) + (Contract services Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) Cleaning the equation in function of the Contract services Asset Beta, you find the Contract services Asset Beta. MarriottLodgingRestaurantContract Services D/V60. 0%50. 0%75. 0%60. 0% E/V40. 0%50. 0%25. 0%40. 0% Tc44%44%44%44% Kd10. 25%10. 05%8. 70%8. 30% Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% Rprem1. 30%1. 10%1. 80%1. 40% Ke19. 87%15. 31%29. 74%21. 91% Eq. Beta1. 4700. 8562. 6961. 772 Asset Beta0. 7990. 5491. 0070. 964 Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%7. 43%8. 47%8. 47% TA %100. 00%41. 00%13. 00%46. 00% WACC11. 39%10. 46%11. 08%11. 55% The contract service’s WACC is 11. 55%

The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Essay Example

The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Paper Hawk Roosting is one of Ted Hughes many poems which describes nature and animal savagery. In this particular work, Hughes details the characteristics of a regal hawk, ruling over its domain. Although it may seem to be a simple descriptive piece, Hawk Roosting actually maintains a duality throughout each verse. Not only is it a vivid description of a living being, the poem is Ted Hughes critique on humanity. Beneath its surface is a stark reminder of how our weaknesses are degrading us into common animals. The first verse paints a scene of a hawk resting on the treetops: I sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed Inaction, no falsifying dream We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Between my hooked head and hooked feet: Or in sleep rehearse perfect kills and eat. Straight away the poem asserts the dominance of the bird. The words Top of the wood suggests the hawk is a predator, high up in the food chain. It is also an animal that lives for hunting as every day it will rehearse perfect kills and eat in its dreams. Similarities can be drawn which shows that we are just like the hawk. Humans dominate the world and we constantly invent new ways of simplifying our lives. At the most basic level, we kill and eat like all animals do. The writer uses this verse to establish the hawk as a symbol of all humanity. Therefore, when he further illustrates the hawk later on, he is actually pointing out our habits and tendencies. The allegory of the hawk symbolizing humanity continues into the second and third verses: The airs buoyancy and the suns ray Are of advantage to me; And the earths face upward for my inspection. It took the whole of Creation To produce my foot, my each feather: Now I hold Creation in my foot. These verses further develop the idea that the hawk is a supreme creature. It looks down on its realm and controls all the animals. Therefore, it is able to hold Creation in my foot. On the other hand, as the hawk actually represents us, the writer is also commenting on mankind. The airs buoyancy and the suns ray correspond to natural resources and how they are of advantage to us. Instead of letting the course of nature take over our lives, we control the Earth as it face upward for our inspection. The phrase It took the whole of Creation suggests that humans see themselves as the ultimate species. Overall these two verses emphasize the fact that we are the rulers of the Earth. The world is metaphorically our oyster, a small thing that is easily held in our grasp. As the poem progresses into the fourth verse, the hawk awakes from its stillness and takes flight: Or fly up, and revolve it all slowly I kill where I please because it is all mine. There is no sophistry in my body: My manners are tearing off heads - Firstly the writer projects an image of the hawk flying above with a birds-eye view as the world revolves. Interestingly, it is the hawk that is doing the revolving. All of its dominion merely orbit around it. The hawk also owns its territory so it can kill where I please. These first two lines is a link to the last verse which further underlines the hawks supremacy. Similarly, we exploit the Earth because we believe it belongs to us. Although we consider ourselves a civilised race, the writer points out that some of our methods are far from graceful. In fact, he describes our way of living as tearing off heads. For example, we factory-farm animals for profit and we invade other countries to quench our thirst for fuel. As we become the masters of our planet, we grow insensitive to the fact that our greed is causing us to regress back to savages. The poem turns even more chilling as it enters the fifth verse: The allotment of death. For the one path of my flight is direct Through the bones of the living. Here the hawk is a metaphorical grim reaper. Its job is the allotment of death. From this verse we also perceive an image of the hawk swooping down on its prey as it flies through the bones of the living. The writer describes this as the one path of my flight that is direct. He is implying that the only constant element in a hawks life is to kill. Just like the hawk, we can allocate death as well because the earth is our domain. During our lifetimes we sacrifice the lives of many other creatures to fulfil our desires. We kill animals for food and we hunt exotic species for commodities. We are not that different from the hawk, after all. The final verse stresses the permanence of the hawks reign: The sun is behind me. Nothing has changed since I began. My eye has permitted no change. I am going to keep things like this. The phrase the sun is behind me implies that even the sun is a supporter of the hawk. Here the writer conveys yet another image to us. The suns rays are chasing after the hawk as if following a great leader. Nothing can unseat it from power. On the other hand, this verse also criticises the human aversion to change. For example, people still pollute the planet even though they know it can cause climate change and natural disasters. The last three lines highlight this fact. We have not done anything in the past to amend our mistakes Nothing has changed since I began. We are unwilling act now My eye has permitted no change. We will not abandon our methods in the future I am going to keep things like this. This is the heart of Ted Hughes criticism. We humans, as the masters of this world, are continuously destroying our planet because we are reluctant to change our wicked ways. In the end, Hawk Roosting is fundamentally an illustration of a magnificent creature. Nevertheless, Hughes masterfully embedded his critique on humanity into the poem. Just like the hawk, we are predators. However, our prey is nature and its resources. We are no better than cruel savages. Hawk Roosting is Hughes attempt at making us aware of this fact. Ultimately, his wish is that we preserve a better world for future generations.

How to Make Ice Cream in a Bag (No Freezer Needed)

How to Make Ice Cream in a Bag (No Freezer Needed) You can make ice cream in a plastic bag as a fun science project. The best part is you dont need an ice cream maker or even a freezer. This is a fun and tasty food science project that explores freezing point depression. Materials 1/4 cup sugar1/2 cup milk1/2 cup whipping cream (heavy cream)1/4 teaspoon vanilla or vanilla flavoring (vanillin)1 (quart) zipper-top baggie1 (gallon zipper-top baggie2 cups iceThermometer1/2 to 3/4 cup sodium chloride (NaCl) as table salt or rock saltMeasuring cups and spoonsCups and spoons for eating your treat! Procedure Add 1/4 cup sugar, 1/2 cup milk, 1/2 cup whipping cream, and 1/4 teaspoon vanilla to the quart zipper  bag. Seal the bag securely.Put 2 cups of ice into the gallon plastic  bag.Use a thermometer to measure and record the temperature of the ice in the gallon bag.Add 1/2 to 3/4 cup salt (sodium chloride) to the bag of ice.Place the sealed quart bag inside the gallon bag of ice and salt. Seal the gallon bag securely.Gently rock the gallon bag from side to side. Its best to hold it by the top seal or to have gloves or a cloth between the bag and your hands because the bag will be cold enough to damage your skin.Continue to rock the bag for 10-15 minutes or until the contents of the quart bag have solidified into ice cream.Open the gallon bag and use the thermometer to measure and record the temperature of the ice/salt mixture.Remove the quart bag, open it, serve the contents into cups with spoons and enjoy! How It Works Ice has to absorb energy in order to melt, changing the phase of water from a solid to a liquid. When you use ice to cool the ingredients for ice cream, the energy is absorbed from the ingredients and from the outside environment (like your hands, if you are holding the baggie of ice!). When you add salt to the ice, it lowers the freezing point of the ice, so even more energy has to be absorbed from the environment in order for the ice to melt. This makes the ice colder than it was before, which is how your ice cream freezes. Ideally, you would make your ice cream using ice cream salt, which is just salt sold as large crystals instead of the small crystals you see in table salt. The larger crystals take more time to dissolve in the water around the ice, which allows for even cooling of the ice cream. Substances That Separate Into Particles When Dissolving You could use other types of salt instead of sodium chloride, but you couldnt substitute sugar for the salt because (a) sugar doesnt dissolve well in cold water and (b) sugar doesnt dissolve into multiple particles, like an ionic material such as salt. Compounds that break into two pieces upon dissolving, like NaCl breaks into Na and Cl-, are better at lowering the freezing point than substances that dont separate into particles because the added particles disrupt the ability of the water to form crystalline ice. The more particles there are, the greater the disruption and the greater the impact on particle-dependent properties (colligative properties) like freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. The salt causes the ice to absorb more energy from the environment (becoming colder), so although it lowers the point at which water will re-freeze into ice, you cant add salt to very cold ice and expect it to freeze your ice cream or de-ice a snowy sidewalk (water has to be present!). This is why NaCl isnt used to de-ice sidewalks in areas that are very cold.

Clovis, Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty

Clovis, Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty Frankish King Clovis (466-511) was the First Merovingian. Fast Facts: Clovis Known For: Uniting several Frankish factions and founding the Merovingian dynasty of kings.  Clovis defeated the last Roman ruler in Gaul and conquered various Germanic peoples in what is today France. His conversion to Catholicism (instead of the  Arian  form of Christianity practiced by many Germanic peoples) would prove a landmark development for the Frankish nation.Also Known As: Chlodwig, ChlodowechBorn: c. 466Parents: Clovis was the son of the Frankish king Childeric and the Thuringian queen BasinaDied: Nov. 27, 511Spouse: Clotilda Occupations KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence EuropeFrance Important Dates Became the ruler of Salian Franks: 481Takes Belgica Secunda: 486Marries Clotilda: 493Incorporates territories of the Alemanni: 496Gains control of Burgundian lands: 500Acquires parts of Visigothic land:  507Baptized  as a Catholic (traditional date): Dec. 25,  508 About Clovis Clovis succeeded his father as ruler of the Salian Franks in 481. At this time he also had control of other Frankish groups around present-day Belgium. By the time of his death, he had consolidated all the Franks under his rule. He took control of the Roman province of Belgica Secunda in 486, the territories of the Alemanni in 496, the lands of the Burgundians in 500, and portions of Visigothic territory in 507. Although his Catholic wife Clotilda ultimately convinced Clovis to convert to Catholicism, he was interested, for a time, in Arian Christianity and was sympathetic to it. His own conversion to Catholicism was personal and not a mass conversion of his peoples (many of whom were already Catholic), but the event had a profound influence on the nation and its relationship to the papacy. Clovis convoked a national Church council at Orlà ©ans, in which he participated significantly. The Law of the Salian Franks (Pactus Legis Salicae) was a written code that most likely originated during the reign of Clovis. It combined customary law, Roman law, and royal edicts, and it followed Christian ideals. Salic Law would influence French and European law for centuries. The life and reign of Clovis were chronicled by Bishop Gregory of Tours more than half a century after the death of the king. Recent scholarship has revealed some errors in Gregorys account, but it still stands as an important history and biography of the great Frankish leader. Clovis died in 511. His kingdom was divided among his four sons:  Theuderic  (born to a pagan wife before he wed Clotilda),  and his three sons by Clotilda,  Chlodomer,  Childebert, and  Chlotar. The name Clovis would later evolve into the name Louis, the most popular name for French kings. Clovis Resources Clovis in Print Clovis, King of the Franks by John W. CurrierBiography from Ancient Civilizations by Earle Rice Jr. Clovis on the Web Clovis: Fairly extensive biography by Godefroid Kurth at the Catholic Encyclopedia.The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours: Abridged translation by Earnest Brehaut in 1916, made available online at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook.The Conversion of Clovis: Two accounts of this significant event are offered at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook.

Business Economics Referred Coursework Assignment Essay

Business Economics Referred Coursework Assignment - Essay Example Middle East suffered a decline of wheat production of 7.4 million tons or about 19 percent because of the worst drought the country had experienced in 2008. (Commodity Intelligence Report, 15 December 2008) China and Iran, had each, reported worse effects of droughts to wheat crops. Drought in China as of October, 2010 had affected 7.73 million hectares of wheat plantation (China Daily). Iran estimated a decline of their 2008 production by 20% due to effects of drought (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 15 December 2008). A decline in production would mean a gap in supply and demand that raises price. The price of wheat is also affected by the weakening US dollar because this will mean a decline in the purchasing power of a dollar. The U.S. dollar is a world trading currency; meaning all prices of commodities are linked to its price, and devaluation would have a great impact to international trade. In anticipation of devaluation, all countries will immediately raise their prices. Co mmodities such as wheat, oil, coffee, etc. will now set their price records to protect their investments. Farmers know that the dollars they are receiving for the wheat is declining in purchasing power, so they have to adjust their prices in anticipation for the devaluation; that is why we have a higher price of wheat now. As an example, if the US dollar declines by 30%, and the farmer has $1 million in wheat, his million dollars will now be able to buy $700,000 worth of goods or services, so he lost $300,000 in purchasing power. 2. Identify the factors that determine the demand for goods and services in general? Consider how these factors affect the demand for wheat. In general, determinants of demand are income, tastes, prices of related goods and services, expectations and the number of buyers. We know that if we lower the price of a good without altering its quality or quantity, people will flock to you to buy as this the law of demand. We will illustrate the law of demand by ex ample in demand for wheat. The law of demand applies to a well defined good – the wheat. Then the second phase indicates that people must not only want to purchase the wheat but must be able to purchase the wheat in order to be counted as part of demand. But although willing, consumer is not able at the price of $111.00, so buyer thinks of something else to replace the need for wheat. The next step is to think of the price and quantity demanded; that is as the price rises, the quantity demanded falls, and as the price falls, the quantity demanded increases. 3. What are the major factors increasing the demand for wheat? [Make sure you use the concept of income elasticity of demand for wheat (Ardy, 2010, p. 5). The factors that increase demand for wheat are price, price of substitute goods; preferences, population and income. These factors are discussed in the following paragraphs. Price. As the price of wheat increases, assuming that all other factors remain equal, less people would demand for wheat. The demand slope is downward looking . As the price of wheat increases, people would naturally avoid consumption and look for substitute products that they would value more. The price of substitute goods. A substitute product is a good or service which may be bought instead of another when the price of the latter changes or if it becomes unavailable. For instance, the increase in wheat price will increase in the demand for corn,

Industry Environment Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industry Environment Analysis - Research Paper Example However, the business can shield itself by use of the barriers to entry. Barriers to entry are those actions by the firm that increase the costs incurred by potential competitors for them to enter the market (Hill & Jones, 2012). Therefore, the higher the barriers to entry, the higher the costs incurred by competitors and, therefore, the lower the rate of entrance into the market. The common barriers used by industries include economies of scale, switching costs by customers, capital investments, government regulation, brand loyalty and absolute cost advantages. Economies of Scale Economies of scale refer to the benefits and advantages that accrue to a company due to its large size. Economies of scale usually arise from sources such as mass production by the firm, discounts awarded due to buying in bulk, and benefits received due to spreading fixed costs over a large volume of production. Because of a large volume of output, the industry also limits its marketing and advertisements c osts (Hill & Jones, 2012). Therefore, the profitability of a fast-causal restaurant will be affected if its size is small, which limits its economies of scale. However, it can focus on increasing its size in order to increase its economies of scale such as pricing benefits. ... For example, a restaurant could create new recipes for foods; it could also spice up its foods in a unique way as compared to those of its current competitors. Therefore, customers will get used to the products and will prefer the restaurant’s foods to other foods offered in the market (Hill & Jones, 2011). This is a feature referred to as customer loyalty; it is used to ensure that customers stick to the original supplier irrespective of any other suppliers in the market. Capital Investments The business can ensure that its profitability is maintained by investing in capital intensive projects which assure it high returns in the future. For example, a restaurant could invest in latest technological equipment of operation. Such an investment will lead to offering of quality services to customers, thus increasing the number of customers attracted. Consequently, the profitability of the business will be increased. New competitors will be barred from entering the market since the y will not have similar investments for them to compete in the market. On the other hand, the capital requirements needed to make similar investments will be extremely high, so any new business would opt not to enter the market (Kar, 2011). Absolute Cost Advantages Cost advantages for the business will arise from such angles as experience, high quality trained personnel, and control of crucial inputs of production in the market such as labor, raw materials and management skills. It could also have additional advantages such as access to cheap sources of finance and insurance benefits. Therefore, a new company in the market will be hindered from entering since it will not be able to match to the advantages of the

Nutritional adventurism Essay Example for Free

Nutritional adventurism Essay This article is about the effect of the show ‘MasterChef’ on the nutritional adventurism and culinary knowledge of children. The show is a reality game show about cooking, hosted by two chefs. The article explains how the show had appealed to young audiences. ‘MasterChef’, claims the article, has caused an increase in television ratings for the channel from which it is shown. The show has also given children extra culinary knowledge. Now, children are more interested and more critical about what they eat. They also judge their own food and the food prepared by their parents or other people. The show sparked numerous cooking lessons and workshops. Numerous recipes featured on the show have also been downloaded over the internet. Personal Opinion: I always believe that teaching children how to cook will help them in the future. Culinary skills learned early will definitely result to future households where food is a primary concern. MasterChef, and its effects on young audiences illustrates the possibility of making young audiences interested not only in the cooking show but more importantly in the food that they eat. Summary 2: This article is about the Community Gardens program which has three goals; to bring the community and the government together to address nutritional problems, to promote horticultural knowledge and initiate an exchange of indigenous horticultural knowledge, and to create an indigenous garden industry which will give communities livelihood and address their health needs. According to the article, collaboration in the community in horticulture gives the community a sense of food security because gardens are just as important as water systems. The article also illustrates how the program has succeeded in bringing together communities and encouraging innovative ways of horticulture. The fringe benefit of all these is the availability of healthy produce for the communities in which the program was implemented. Personal Opinion: I have confidence in the health benefits of organic and fresh food. The essence of community gardening comes to me not only as a means of providing the opportunity for communities to eat healthy but also the opportunity for communities to value the fruits of community effort. The Community Gardens Program is one such program that fosters fellowship and concern among community members while making healthy food available at the same time. Summary 3: Wangkatjungka is the main focus of this article where the establishment of home vegetable patches was apparently spurred by childrens’ school projects. Many vegetable patches mushroomed all over town because of this and each household began to eat what they produced. This was a very welcome change for the people of Wangkatjungka, second to the community ban on alcohol. According to the article, the establishment of household vegetable patches has made organic and healthier food available for the children and the adults. The article claims that this trend in backyard gardening has contributed so much to the community in that it has vowed to support and continue the project until each household in the community has their own vegetable patch. Personal Opinion: Having your own vegetable patch is such a good idea for me that I might even be starting my own. This article has given me enough new insights to consider the benefits of backyard grown produce and look into the possibility of having my own vegetable garden. I like fresh vegetables, and I like freshly picked organic fruits and vegetables even better. Summary 4: The relationship of diabetes and the eating habits of people is tackled in this article. In it a study by a certain Himsworth is mentioned that showed why third world countries had lesser incidence of diabetes and obesity compared to Western countries. The article attributes this to the kind of food that people eat in these countries; third world countries have more unprocessed carbohydrates and adequate animal protein in their diets than in Western countries. The article also outlines the value of healthy and basic or simpler eating in the control of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. It states that people who eat more plant or fruit based food are less likely to suffer metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity. Personal Opinion: There are so many metabolic disorders that cause a myriad of health problems nowadays and it is comforting to know that the best weapon against these diseases is simply, basic and healthy eating. I am a believer in the idiom that ‘prevention is better than a cure’ as well as in the motto that ‘it would be better to spend money on healthy food than on medicine. † The insights offered in this article have encouraged me to eat healthier and begin my pursuit of a longer, healthier life. Summary 5: To sum up this entire article, one can simply say that it taunts at the way the judges in the show MasterChef make their judgments and throw snide comments at their contestants. The article purports that the decision of the MasterChef judges are influenced by the aesthetic or visual quality of the food presented and not by palatability of the food. The article implies that the show does not give justice to the way ordinary people cook, rather it insults the cooking skills of ordinary people by showing that cooking on television is not the same as real cooking, and that in the MasterChef kitchen, one doesn’t have to cook delicious food if one can be chefy with the presentation. Personal Opinion: I have seen the show, MasterChef myself and this article seems to have reason to claim that the judges in the show do not necessarily judge according to how ordinary people cook but have begun to become influenced by how one would expect food prepared by a professional chef. I believe that it is the show’s spontaneity and ‘reality’ that gives it its appeal and if the judges fail to remain in these ideals the show will ultimately fail.

Gitlow vs New York Essay -- communism, freedom of speech, criminal anar

In the twenty century, the U.S society was in the period of tending to be a human base society. The laws in America were introduced to create a fair and regulated society for its citizens. The First and Fourteenth Amendment of Constitution granted that the U.S citizens have the freedom of speech. And the New York State had its law of Criminal Anarchy Act since 1902 for â€Å"organized government should be overthrown by force or violence, or by assassination of the executive head or of any of the executive officials of government, or by any unlawful means (n.p).† The citizen in the any state of the U.S should always both obey the state law and follow the national constitution. Otherwise, the citizen would get corresponding punishment for jail, community service or even death for most states. However, the case of Gitlow vs New York happened in 1925 that majorly argued about the U.S citizens’ guaranteed freedom of speech in the First Amendment of Constitution and the New Y ork State’s Criminal Anarchy Act. Gitlow vs. New York is a case that influences the integrity of U.S legislative system importantly. In the 1925s, Benjamin Gitlow, a left wing socialist, published speeches of anti-government to advocate a new better communist government. His action caused the charge as unpopular and dangerous speech for the whole society from the New York state government, and his behavior became a court case. According to the website thefreedictionary.com, that â€Å"The opinions expressed in† â€Å"The Revolutionary Age† and â€Å"The Left Wing Manifesto† â€Å"formed the bases for the defendant's convictions under Sections 160 and 161 of the penal law of New York, which were the criminal anarchy statutes† (n.p). â€Å"The Revolutionary Age† and â€Å"The Left Wing Manifesto† ar... ... his action could actually be really harmful for the society. Gitlow defended him as not guilty merely depends on the part of the context of the First Amendment of Constitution about U.S citizens’ freedom of speech. It is actually make a deliberate misinterpretation out of the context. Gitlow’s claims that he is innocent might because of his less awareness and misunderstanding of the laws. Or, he might believe that the faults of the Constitution would help him escape from the punishment. However, in my point of view, Gitlow fail to consider the primarily goal of the U.S Constitution that is to protect the best profit of its majority. Bibliography http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Gitlow+v.+New+York http://principlesofafreesociety.com/freedom-of-speech/ http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_nonfiction_the_ayn_rand_column

Central Dogma

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology was founded by Francis Crick in 1958. A central dogma of biology provides an explanation as to how gene expression occurs. The central dogma is the main thesis of molecular inheritance. It states that DNA makes RNA, which makes protein. Genes control the traits by controlling which proteins are made. The process of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is when DNA transcripts into RNA and then translates into protein. Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA forming into RNA.The differences between DNA and RNA are the sugar that’s in DNA which is called deoxyribose and ribose for RNA which does not have sugar. When DNA replication begins, it begins at a specific point in the DNA molecule called the origin of replication site. The enzyme helicase unwinds and separates a portion of the DNA molecule. After the DNA polymerase separates a portion of the molecule it then initiates the process of replication in which DNA polyme rase can add new nucleotides to a pre-existing chain of nucleotides.Therefore, replication begins as an enzyme called primase and it assembles an RNA primer at the origin of the replication site. The RNA primer consists of a sequence of RNA nucleotides, complementary to a section of the DNA strand that is being prepared for replication. The RNA primer is then removed and replaced with a sequence of DNA nucleotides. Then Okazaki fragments are synthesized and the RNA primers are replaced with DNA nucleotides and the individual Okzaki fragments are bonded together into a continuous complementary strand.During transcription deoxyribose nucleic acid is formed into another nucleic acid which is ribonucleic acid or RNA. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds onto the double stranded DNA molecule. RNA polymerase moves along the strand of DNA making a complementary single stranded RNA molecule. Here’s a good thing you could remember, take the root word ‘scribe’ ou t of transcription and think of it was a person who writes copies of important documents because that is what scribe means.Next is translation, it is the process of using the code in RNA to put together the protein and translation is a word that describes the transfer of information from one to another. Translation begins when messenger RNA binds to the ribosome. The RNA passes along the ribosome and brings out 3 nucleotides at a time. While that’s happening the amino acid that is being carried is also being transferred to the amino acid chain. After that is done the ribosomal complex falls apart and the protein is released into a cell.During protein synthesis, amino acids build a protein molecule that’s, of course, called protein synthesis. Synthesis means ‘putting together’, so that is a good way to remember protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the cellular process of building proteins. Translation has a part of the central dogma that is also included in protein synthesis and transcription is not. Translation is just the decoding of RNA to make a chain of amino acids that will then, later, turn into protein. Overall in central dogma, DNA is simply the instructions to making proteins.

Your Inner Fish

Your Inner Fish: A Review of Chapter 4 In Your Inner Fish, a book about the study of evolution in mammals, chapter four is dedicated to the study of teeth. Neil Shubin is explicit in his insistence that teeth are extremely important when studying evolution of the human body. He uses three main points to explain this to the reader. First, through the function of teeth. Then by revealing the anatomy of teeth. And finally by discussing tooth-to-tooth occlusion. Teeth are used to manipulate larger objects so that they may fit into a smaller mouth.Shubin writes †Mouths are only so big, and teeth enable creatures to eat things that are bigger than their mouths† (Shubin 60). Without teeth creatures would have a smaller variety of options when it came to food choices. Bigger fish could only eat smaller fish and so on. As explained by Shubin â€Å"†¦ teeth can be the great equalizer: smaller fish can munch on bigger fish if they have good teeth† (Shubin 60). So we deri ve from this that teeth can play an important role in the food chain and thus in evolution. However, teeth play a more important part than this.By studying the anatomy of teeth many secrets can be revealed about ancient reptiles and mammals. For instance, Shubin relates that â€Å"The bumps, pits and ridges on teeth often reflect the diet† (Shubin 60). By knowing the diet of an ancient creature, it is reasonable to see how a paleontologist and evolutionist can follow the emergence of the omnivore over the carnivore and herbivore. And the hardness of teeth make it the â€Å"best-preserved animal we find in the fossil record for many time periods† (Shubin 61).This clue to these ancient animal’s diets can â€Å"give us a good window on how different ways of feeding came about† (Shubin 61). So, the shape of the teeth and the general mineral make-up both contribute to the usefulness of teeth to the scientist. Still it remains that the tooth-to tooth occlusion is an imperative discovery when shaping the history of the human body. Reptiles do not have an upper and lower jaw that meet precisely. They rip and tear their food. On the other hand, mammals have an upper and lower jaw that meet in a precise position (Shubin 60-61).Shubin discusses that in lower rock forms, thus earlier years, fossil records show only reptilian-like mouths that do not have occlusion. As the paleontologist moves up into higher rock formations, he finds more mammalian like tooth formations and smaller jaws. â€Å"Go higher in the rocks and we see something utterly different: the appearance of mammalness. The bones of the jaw get smaller and move to the ear. We can see the first evidence of upper and lower teeth coming together in precise ways† (Shubin 62).From Shubin’s portrayal of the evolution of the mouth and teeth and teeth’s usefulness, it stands to reason that teeth are an important part of the study of ancient mammals and the evolution of the human body. Your Inner Fish:Chapter 4 A Review In his book, Your Inner Fish, Neil Shubin mentions the fact that although the study of teeth are highly important to the study of ancient mammalian history, it is often overlooked or only briefly discussed in anatomy. However, Shubin successfully shows how extremely serious evolutionists and paleontologists take the study of tooth fossils.In the beginning of chapter 4: Teeth Everywhere, he states that â€Å"the tooth gets short shrift in anatomy class: we spend all of five minutes on it† (Shubin 60). But because he fills the chapter with relative stories of paleontologists and himself searching solely for tooth fossils, he reveals that teeth are vital in the study of ancient mammals. Entire expeditions for tooth hunting are explored. Shubin even states that â€Å"teeth have a special significance for me, because it is in searching for them that I first learned how to find fossils and how to run a fossil expedition† (S hubin 60).Thus, implying he had gone on an expedition with the sole purpose of hunting for ancient teeth.. From his references to paleontologists’ search for teeth it seems that teeth are a prominent study in evolution, even if touched on only briefly in anatomy classes. Shubin narrates a story of his first leading expedition where a tiny ancient mammal was discovered in rock and the most significant finding was the revelation of tooth occlusion. He even reports that he was â€Å"†¦being treated like a conquering hero†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shubin 70) back on campus following the return from the expedition.This is a definite sign that the importance of tooth and tooth occlusion are extremely recognized in the world of evolutionary studies. Time, money, and energy are offered to tooth expeditions, and findings are celebrated amongst paleontologists and evolutionists alike. Therefore, it can be concluded from Shubin’s examples that teeth are an important study among scient ists who study the history of the human body. Your Inner Fish: A study of Chapter 4 In his book Your Inner Fish, Shubin dedicates an entire chapter to the importance of studying the evolution of teeth when figuring the evolution of the human body.In order to study ancient teeth and jaws, however, fossil hunting for tooth fossils is imperative. In chapter 4, Shubin reveals just how difficult this expedition for teeth can be. Discovering bones in rock took experience. The work demanded the naked eye notice the signs of bone in rock. This is a difficult feat. According to Shubin, â€Å"I’d set off looking for fossils, systematically inspecting every rock I saw for a scrap of bone at the surface. At the end of the day†¦. I had nothing, my empty bag a sign of how much I had to learn. (Shubin 63) But even after days walking and looking with an expert fossil finder who gave advice, it took time for Shubin to â€Å"see† the bones in rock. For days he asked questions and looked at the same rocks as the expert who found many and still came back emptyhanded each evening. Then finally, one day he discovered his first piece of bone, and it was only this discovery that made him actually understand what he was looking for. â€Å"The difference was this time I finally saw it, saw the distinction between rock and bone† (Shubin 64-65).After this, it was much easier for Shubin to discover fossilized bones, but still the search is tedious and difficult. Even after a haul of some promising rock during his first self-led expedition, Shubin was not hopeful. To his great surprise, he was hailed as a hero once the fossils were delicately revealed in the rock formation, and it was discovered that he had found a skeleton of a tiny ancient reptile, tritheledont. From the teeth and jaws on this fossil it could be derived that this was a breakthrough for the reptile as there was tooth-on-tooth occlusion.But once again, Shubin learned a greater lesson from this di scovery that happened not in the field but in the lab where the rock had been carefully manipulated to reveal the fossil within. â€Å"†¦I learned that some of the biggest discoveries happen in the hands of fossil preparators, not in the field† (Shubin 70). Fossil preparators are important and perform a very tedious job. In fact, this is one of the reasons fossil hunting is so difficult. Difficult to find, and difficult to prepare for study and viewing. The key point is that the early mammals were small. Very small†¦. If the tooth was covered by a crumb of rock or even by a few grains of sand, you might never see it† (Shubin 66). Thus, it is easy to see how fossil, especially tooth fossil, hunting is extremely difficult. It takes patience and experience and an eye for tiny details. As Shubin reveals, it takes a team of hunters and preparators to discover the most important findings. Without both, evolution would be missing an imperative study, the study of tee th and jaws.

Free Essays on Finance

This financial management company, which this man created, is obviously in the ideal position for growth. The question is which medium he will use to fund this growth. Either he can go public and sell shares of stock or sell the company privately. There will be advantages and disadvantages for each path. Going public allows the owner to diversify his financial holdings, increase liquidity, facilitate raising new corporate cash, establish value for the firm, can set up merger negotiations, increase potential markets. Issuing stock to the public allows the owner to reduce risk privately; he can sell stock to diversify his holdings in his private portfolio. The market also allows the company to become very liquid by giving the owner the ability to sell existing shares for cash. It also provides an avenue to raise cash quickly by issuing new shares of stock for the market to consume. By going public will also provide an exact value of what the company is worth. This information will help in a number of different ways, such as providing stock options for employees. This value also opens the company to mergers and acquisitions. Stock can provide a medium of payment when the company is acquiring or being acquired by another company. The market can also be a promotional tool that can potent ially acquire new customers just by going public. There are disadvantages of going public such as cost of reporting, disclosure, self dealings, inactive market, loss of control, and investor relations. Once a company has gone public the SEC and other agencies need to have reports filed by the company. This can be a very costly to a company on the smaller end. Since the company has gone public, so does the books. An owner might use questionable but legal bookkeeping practices for tax advantages; this will not be allowed once everything is seen by the public. The stock that has been issued into the market can become stagnant if it’s not trade frequently.... Free Essays on Finance Free Essays on Finance This financial management company, which this man created, is obviously in the ideal position for growth. The question is which medium he will use to fund this growth. Either he can go public and sell shares of stock or sell the company privately. There will be advantages and disadvantages for each path. Going public allows the owner to diversify his financial holdings, increase liquidity, facilitate raising new corporate cash, establish value for the firm, can set up merger negotiations, increase potential markets. Issuing stock to the public allows the owner to reduce risk privately; he can sell stock to diversify his holdings in his private portfolio. The market also allows the company to become very liquid by giving the owner the ability to sell existing shares for cash. It also provides an avenue to raise cash quickly by issuing new shares of stock for the market to consume. By going public will also provide an exact value of what the company is worth. This information will help in a number of different ways, such as providing stock options for employees. This value also opens the company to mergers and acquisitions. Stock can provide a medium of payment when the company is acquiring or being acquired by another company. The market can also be a promotional tool that can potent ially acquire new customers just by going public. There are disadvantages of going public such as cost of reporting, disclosure, self dealings, inactive market, loss of control, and investor relations. Once a company has gone public the SEC and other agencies need to have reports filed by the company. This can be a very costly to a company on the smaller end. Since the company has gone public, so does the books. An owner might use questionable but legal bookkeeping practices for tax advantages; this will not be allowed once everything is seen by the public. The stock that has been issued into the market can become stagnant if it’s not trade frequently....

Water Gas Definition and Uses

Water Gas Definition and Uses Water gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produces synthesis gas. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to reduce carbon dioxide levels and enrich hydrogen content, making water gas. The water-gas shift reaction is: CO H2O → CO2Â   H2 History The water-gas shift reaction was first described in 1780 by Italian physicist Felice Fontana. In 1828, water gas was produced in England by blowing steam across white-hot coke. In 1873, Thaddeus S.C. Lowe patented a process that used the water-gas shift reaction to enrich the gas with hydrogen. In Lowes process, pressurized steam was shot over hot coal, with heat maintained using chimneys. The resulting gas was cooled and scrubbed before use. Lowes process led to the rise of the gas manufacturing industry and the development of similar processes for other gases, such as the Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia. As ammonia became available, the refrigeration industry rose. Lowe held patents for ice machines and devices that ran on hydrogen gas. Production The principle of water gas production is straightforward. Steam is forced over red-hot or white-hot carbon-based fuel, producing the following reaction: H2O C → H2Â   CO (ΔH 131Â  kJ/mol) This reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat), so heat must be added to sustain it. There are two ways this is done. One is to alternate between steam and air to cause combustion of some carbon (an exothermic process): O2Â   C → CO2Â  (ΔH −393.5Â  kJ/mol) The other method is to use oxygen gas rather than air, which yields carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide: O2Â   2 C → 2 CO (ΔH −221Â  kJ/mol) Different Forms of Water Gas There are different types of water gas. The composition of the resulting gas depends on the process used to make it: Water gas shift reaction gas: This is the name given to water gas made using the water-gas shift reaction to obtain pure hydrogen (or at least enriched hydrogen). The carbon monoxide from the initial reaction is reacted with water to remove carbon dioxide, leaving only the hydrogen gas.Semi-water gas: Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas. Producer gas is the name of fuel gas derived from coal or coke, as opposed to natural gas. Semi-water gas is made by collecting the gas produced when steam is alternated with air to burn coke to maintain a high enough temperature to sustain the water gas reaction.Carburetted water gas: Carburetted water gas is produced to enhance the energy value of water gas, which is ordinarily lower than that of coal gas. Water gas is carburetted by passing it through a heated retort which has been sprayed with oil. Uses of Water Gas Water gas used in the synthesis of some industrial processes: To remove carbon dioxide from fuel cells.Reacted with producer gas to make fuel gas.It is used in the Fischer-Tropsch process.It is used to obtain pure hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.

Employee Engagement (MA Human Resource Management) Coursework

Employee Engagement (MA Human Resource Management) - Coursework Example 10 6. Conclusion 12 References 1. Introduction The involvement of the specific organization in a New Global HR programme should be checked by referring primarily to the relevant evidence, meaning the literature related to this issue but also the findings of the empirical research. At the next level, the potentials of the firm to perform well in such project would be evaluated by reviewing the results of similar business projects, i.e. other projects of similar characteristics in which the firm participated, directly or indirectly. The experience of the firm’s managers in HR management plans will be also taken into consideration. It should be noted that the development of secure assumptions regarding the potential performance of the firm in such project would be rather impossible. Only estimations can be made regarding the potentials of the firm for further growth through the specific project. On the other hand, the fact that the firm has successfully entered the global market, through its subsidiaries in India and Taiwan cannot be ignored. The needs of the firm for stabilization in the international marketplace have to be taken into account for deciding whether the engagement in such plan could result to benefits or to losses for the organization. The various implications of the particular plan will be presented and evaluated using the relevant literature. Assumptions are made based on the evidence gathered on the issues under discussion. 2. Employee engagement, role in the facilitation of business purposes In order to understand the role of employee engagement within the organization, especially regarding the facilitation of the business purposes, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of employee engagement, i.e. its elements and its mission. The potential forms of employee engagement are presented below; based on the form of employee engagement chosen, a relevant assumption can be produced regarding the role of employee engagement in the facilitation of business purposes. Furthermore, this view will be used in order to decide whether the suggested business plan is expected to perform well – based on its alignment with the needs of the organization but also of the employees, as reflected in their engagement to the organization. In accordance with the literature published on the specific subject, employee engagement is a rather complex concept, which is quite important for the success of business projects. However, in many cases, it is ignored being considered as having just a secondary role in daily business operations. In accordance with Federman (2009) there are four levels of employee engagement: a) at the first level, no attention is given to employee engagement; the needs of the employee are ignored. A high percentage of modern organizations belong to the specific category, about 27%, as Federman (2009, p.2) notes, b) at the second level, employee engagement is considered as just an event. In the cont ext of this thought, the following assumption is developed regarding the employee engagement: employee engagement can be included in the context of an organizational restructuring, as the result of an important change in the organization, for example ‘the change of its president’ (Federman 2009, p.2); however it could not be fully implemented. This means

Was World War II Ultimately Beneficial for the US and the Rest of the Research Paper

Was World War II Ultimately Beneficial for the US and the Rest of the World - Research Paper Example ... since the end of the Second World War, there are two major features of the capitalist world that immediately stand out and call for remark. Firstly there is the marked extension in American and in Western Europe of the economic activities of the state: developments, to a large extent novel both in degree and in kind, of what have been variously called State Capitalism or State Monopoly Capitalism. Secondly, on a world scale there is the radical change in the position of large areas of the former colonial and semi-colonial sector, especially in Asia and Africa, and consequently in the relations, both political and economic, between these areas and the imperialist countries, to which they were formerly subordinated. (Dobb 387) The USA was the only country whose economy boomed during the war. Not a single enemy stepped on its soils and the lives of a few civilians were sacrificed. Even the army did not suffer a heavy loss in terms of causalities. â€Å"... the economic prosperity c reated by World War II left a deep impression on the American people. Before the war, the United States was mired in the Great Depression. Unemployment which was as high as 29.4% in 1933 still averaged 14.6% in 1940. During the war, unemployment dropped rapidly.† (Degrasse 36) This was not true for other countries though- the USSR, Japan, Germany, China, France, Britain, Greece, Holland, and other countries suffered heavy losses. The aftermath of the war was horrifying for the rest of the world. â€Å"... with increasing acknowledgement of the United States’ status as the leading democratic power came increased acceptance of responsibility in the global arena... Perhaps with constructive American involvement a better world could be shaped, a world more prosperous, free, democratic and safe.† (Price 71) Decolonization was not only in the interest of the colonies but of the US as well. The US was dreading another depression at the end of the Second World War, and w as planning to market its products to the former colonies in Asia and Africa. This was not possible as the colonialist powers would never have granted access to the US as long as they remained in power. The US was also determined to decolonize subjugated nations because of its ideals of equality, freedom and democracy. The US also had its deep interests in the Middle East region and wanted to establish its oil exploring companies permanently over there. This was only possible if this region was decolonized so that America could build its dreams. The colonialists themselves were finding it hard to resist the pressure coming from the colonies for independence- most notable from India. Post-Second World War scenario was already very challenging for them to handle matters at home. Therefore, a weakened Europe was ready to decolonize its territories. Cold War was also a consequential factor of the Second World War. The Nazi Germany fell in 1945 and was divided into 4 military occupation zones occupied by France, Great Britain, USA and Soviet Union. It faced a terrible time of hyperinflation and was rescued by the Marshal Plan to some extent. At the end of the war the problem of

Solow Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solow Growth Model - Essay Example The second assumption was that if you hold technological progress and D/L is going down as we deplete the resources in a country, K/L may be going up because of capital accumulation, if capital accumulation was allowed to take place in an economy its possible for Y/L to remain constant or even increase and this will lead to economic growth. If the population remains to grow in the Malthusian version, the Malthusian version is what Malthus discussed what would result from high population, he argued that in the case where population was left to grow without any control measures then this would result to a complete depletion of resources, therefore if the population grows according to the Malthusian version then this dictates that Y/L will eventually approach zero. However if we hold population constant and allow K/L to increase without a limit then Y/L will increase. If technological progress occurs in an economy such that c is not equal to zero then for any value of c its possible to calculate a growth rate of L that is consistent with Y/L remaining positive, therefore technological progress can compensate for pop... However if we hold population constant and allow K/L to increase without a limit then Y/L will increase. If technological progress occurs in an economy such that c is not equal to zero then for any value of c its possible to calculate a growth rate of L that is consistent with Y/L remaining positive, therefore technological progress can compensate for population growth. Therefore according to Solow the factors that facilitate population growth include capital accumulation and technological progress, this are the factors that determine whether per capita income grows, decline or remain constant. (Scott (1989)) Shortcomings of the Solows model: The Cobb Douglas function he uses assumes constant returns to scale; also his model assumes that there exists constant elasticity of substitution among the factors of production used in the production process, this assumption allows the standard of living and economic growth to be maintained even if D/L approaches zero as long as K/L rises appropriately. He also assumes that every generation no matter the distance have similar opportunities with the current one, this is not consistent with human behaviour, and people today only care about their immediate gratification and not for generations to come. Other theories of economic growth: The classical school of economist which included Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Mathus and John Stuart Mill considered the main factors of production which included land, capital and labour but in the absence of technological advancement, they however recognised the role of capital accumulation in economic development and

The Development Of Sport Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Development Of Sport Tourism Industry Tourism Essay 1.0 Introduction Tourism and sports are the emerging trend in todays culture. These trends had been influenced by human social attitudes, technological advancement, economic and political circumstances. Both sport and tourism activities are organized all over the world regardless of national borders. 1.1 Definition of Sport tourism Sport tourism is a prevalent and growing phenomenon. According to Gibson (2006), sport tourism is defined as leisure-based travel that takes individuals temporarily outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities [Active Sport Tourism], to watch physical activities [Event Sport Tourism], or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities [Nostalgia Sport Tourism]. 1.2 Development of sport tourism industry During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (1880-1910), development of sport took place. Sports were transformed through such developments as the codification of rules, bureaucratization (the development and regulation of competitions), specialization of player roles, quantification (measurement of performance) and the maintenance of records of achievement (Guttmann, 1974, in Higham, 2005). Competitive sports were contested in local, regional or national leagues. In 1970s and 1980s, second period of dynamic change in the development of sport took place. (Halberstam, 1999, in Higham, 2005) examines the emergence of cable television and the broadcast of live sport initiated by ESPN in 1978. The development of commercial and medial interests in sport together with the emergence of new forms of sport celebrity brought about a dominant feature in sport tourism. This had resulted in a growing market for holidays filled with sports content. Sport, sport teams, sport events and sport facilities had been transformed into tourism industry. Sport is an important expression of culture at a tourism destination. The prominence of sports and sports people in the national and international media is such that sport has become a powerful tool in destination marketing (British Tourist Authority, 2000, in Higham, 2005) 1.3 Overview of the sport tourism industry According to Standeven De Knop (1999), sport tourist are categorize as active or passive. Active sport tourists engage in sport activity holidays. Sport is the main purpose of the trip. Passive sport tourist can be grouped according to how important sport is the purpose of the trip. They are those who have extensive passive involvement and are discriminating in the sports activity they watch as spectators or facilitators. Today, many people participate in or watch sports across the world. Due to an increase in media attention, people are becoming more aware of the health and recreational benefits that sport tourism provide. There had been a growing number of travel companies that print brochures to advertise on sports and adventure holidays, for example, scuba diving in Kenya, mountain climbing in Sabah. 2.0 Market Analysis Over the years, we can see an increase in tourist arrivals all around the world. It is seen to be an important phenomenon that will engage and excite people at the same time. Throughout this report, the focus will be on sport tourism in Australia. Sport tourism contributes significantly to Australian economy. Australia is recognised internationally as a nation that is very involved with sports. According to Australian Government (2008), itemised consumption for recreation, cultural and sports services was $2 953 million. In 2008-2009, Australian government had invested $3.8 billion into arts and recreation service. This shows that they are continuously improving the recreation services to meet the demand of sports tourist and players. The hosting of the Sydney 2000 Olympics had provided Australia with a unique opportunity. It allows Australia to showcase the world as a tourism destination and as a country with the ability to stage such major events. According to The Independent (2010), it states that during the Sydney Olympics held in 2000, Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) said 4.94 million people made short-term visits to Australia. This is an increase of 11% or 480 000 people from the previous record in 1999. The increase was due mostly to a dramatic surge in tourist arrivals in the month of December, a rise of 23% on the same month in 1999. Sports had become part of Australian lifestyle. It plays a vital role in Australian culture. This experience is a motivating factor that attracts international visitors to Australia. According to a survey conducted by ABS (2005-2006), 66% of the population aged 15years and above (10.5million people) participated as a player at least once during the 12 months prior to interview in one or more sports or physical recreation activities. Participation rate was highest for the 25 to 34 year age group (75%) then declined with age to 49% for people aged 65 years and above. In order for marketers to reach out to the target segment successfully, here are some of the marketing strategies adopted by Australia to promote sports tourism. It is important that sports marketers consider how each of the marketing mix elements is integrated and related to each of the other elements. For example, if sport products are not priced correctly, it will result in a major impact on how consumers view the organisations. 2.1 Product In sports tourism, the product will be the game itself. For example, during Sydney Olympic Games 2000, the product will be the games played. Products can be differentiated into tangible and intangible product. The tangible elements of a sports product are the participants who play the sports, the type of competition or game played, merchandising (T-shirts, equipment, souvenirs etc), and venue facilities. The intangible elements are the impressions, expressions, emotions that people have about the sports whether they are participants or spectators. (Summers et al, 2005a) Sports products are similar to the characteristics of services. They are perishable, inseparable, heterogeneous and intangible. Perishable once event of the game had ended, there will not be any live competition anymore Inseparable sports products are produced and consumed simultaneously when participants, officials and fans create the event Heterogeneous each sporting event and experience is different for everyone Intangible many of the elements for sports product are intangible 2.2 Price In the context of sports tourism, price refers to the purchase of tickets to watch the sporting event. Differential pricing strategy is common for many sports products. It meant that different price are allocated for different seats, or different privileges included in the ticket. According to Morgan Summers (2005), for most professional stadium-based sports, the revenue from the ticket price is less than the revenue expected from media rights and corporate hospitality sales. For example, the Melbourne Commonwealth Games 2006, the price range are categorized into A, B, C, D and Family. Price category A ticket price $590 Price category B ticket price $420 Prize category C ticket price $250 Prize category D ticket price $100 Family category ticket price range from $300 to $525 The organizing committee had price the ticket into different category so that it can reach out to different market segment. Spectators who purchased category A tickets would have a better and closer view of the competition. Family category tickets target at parents who wanted to bring their children to watch the competition together. It is priced slightly cheaper so as to encourage family bonding and to motivate these children to watch the competition. From the Australian Bureau of Statistics, it reveals that there was a 15% increase in the number of international arrivals to Australia in September 2000, the month of the Games, compared to the previous year. 2.3 Place Place refer to the distribution channel where spectators can buy the tickets to watch the competition and the location where the competition takes place. Now, with the current advancement of technology, we are able to purchase the tickets to watch any competitions held in any part of the world. We can log in to the official website and purchase the tickets online conveniently. Australia had developed the country to host many major sporting events such as Sydney Olympics Games 2000, IRB Rugby World Cup 2003, Melbourne Commonwealth Games 2006, etc. According to Higham (2005a), the stadium Australia Trust, together with the Olympic Co-ordinating Authority and the Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, identified Homebush Bay as the location for the majority of the sporting venures for the Olympic Games. This included the 110 000 capacity Stadium Australia (at a cost of $A 480 million, and now the Telstra Stadium, host to the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final), the State Hockey Centre, and Novotel and Ibis Hotels. 2.4 Promotion Promotion is an effective tool to communicate with the selected target tourists. It can build and creates identity for the country. Australia Sports Commission had work on promotion strategy to market itself to sports tourist. The vision is to continue to be recognised as the world leader in developing high performance and community sport. This will create a positive image for sports tourist and contribute to the uniqueness of destination. According to Australia Sports Commission (2006a), one of the strategies adopted is to actively contribute to international community sport development programs, increase understanding of international trends in sports. They provide funding, innovative support services, in partnership with national sporting organisations. This way, it allows them to enhance high performance programs and to ensure sustained international high performance success. They had promoted more effective pathways into high performance development for talented individuals who aspire to compete at higher level. SWOT analysis is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It provides an effective framework for analysing internal resources and external trends. 2.5 Strengths Australia has a proud tradition and culture in sports tourism. The national sports system, its delivery mechanisms and its program are widely regarded as world leaders. This will boost the reputation in the sports tourist industry. According to Australia Sports Commission (2006b), Australian Government together with Australian Sports Commission provides unprecedented levels of support for Australian sport. Strong leadership and momentum through a comprehensive range of programs and initiatives shows the governmental support for sport tourism industry. With the strong support, it will lead to an increase in tourist arrivals for any sports event held in Australia. According to a report on Sydney 2000 Olympics, there were more than ten thousand athletes travelled to Australia from 199 countries to compete in twenty-eight sports. There was a total of 6.7 million Olympic tickets sold, more than four and a half million fans passed through the gates at Sydney Olympic Park to witness the games. From this figure, we are able to identify the success of Sydney Olympic Games. 2.6 Weaknesses After looking at the strength, we will explore on the weaknesses of sports tourism. It is not easy for a country to host mega event such as Olympic. Government and organising committee had to work closely together to ensure that the event goes smoothly and successfully. During the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, there was concern that many tourist will not want to choose Australia as a holiday destination. They want to avoid the crowd going for the Games, the uncertainties such as traffic congestion, crowding, security issues and etc. Thus, Australia government will have to look into this particular sector of tourism so that they are not being neglected. If this area is managed well, Australia will be an idea destination for all types of tourist even during the period where the Game is going on. 2.7 Opportunities The hosting of Sydney Olympics had created a lot of opportunities for Australia sport tourism industry. Sydney 2000 Olympics had left a legacy of expertise in a range of sports- tourism related fields. Now, Australia has more opportunities to hold sports events at the international, national and regional levels. This will results in an increase in gross domestic product and employment rates for Australia. Sports manager have to continuously develop new sport product to enhance the status of the sport as a tourist attraction. This will help to generate new tourism market or expand on existing tourism markets. The development or upgrading of sport facilities is an effective strategy to reach out to the new market segment for sports tourism. Sport marketers can develop creative marketing techniques to embrace international tourists visiting the destination as a causal consumer of sports (Hingh Higham, 2004) 2.8 Threats Sport tourism is a threat to the natural environment. In order to cater to the large demand of spectators and participants, sport venue and infrastructure have to be improvised. During the process of upgrading these facilities, ecosystem is being damaged. Ecosystem consists of different type of species, flora and fauna. This will become a threat to biodiversity and greenhouse effect. In the long run, it will become a permanent and irreversible environmental damage. According to Higham (2005b), long term impacts include degradation of natural landscapes. Due to extremes of altitude and climate, tourism in alphine ecologies require extended recovery and regeneration timeframes, long term monitoring and appropriate management interventions. 3.0 Factors That Motivate Tourists Sport tourism entails a set of motivations. The classic theories of motivation commonly applied to understand leisure, sport and tourism behaviour are Murrays (1938) Needs Theory of Personality and Maslows (1943) Hierarchical Theory of Needs. 3.1 Murrays Needs Theory of Personality Murray (1938) developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses and needs. It is explained that A need is a stimulus a force pushing an individual in a certain direction or to behave in a certain way. He identified 12 physiological needs and 28 psychological needs. Physiological needs, viewed as primary needs, include air, water, food and security. Psychological needs, viewed as secondary needs, are related to mental or emotional satisfaction including achievement, autonomy and satisfied. 3.2 Maslows Hierarchical Theory of Needs Maslows (1943) Hierarchical Theory of Needs suggests that people are motivated to fulfil basic needs before they move on to other needs. Maslows theory and Murrays theory are similar, in the sense that both propose that peoples behaviour is driven by both physiological and social-psychological needs. However, Maslow developed a more structured hierarchical order to the activation and satisfaction of needs. He suggested that an individual has to satisfy the lower order of needs before working on the higher order of needs. The top of the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization, which is an opportunity for individuals to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The needs become more psychological and social as one progress up the pyramid. Maslow found that vacation satisfaction was associated with the degree to which the needs for self-actualisation, belongingness and physiology were met by the experience. In sport tourism, the relationship between needs and activity choice is complex. Hence, it is not sufficient to pair a set of needs with an activity. The same activity may be motivated by different needs at different times for one individual. In another case, one activity may represent different meanings to another individual at the same time (Crandall, 1980). Despite the complexity of the relationship, motivation theory still provides insights into why people choose to take part in certain activities. In the context of sport tourism, push factor is the need to need to match an individuals motivations and pull factor is the expectation regarding a vacation with the attributes of a particular destination. 3.3 Push factor Push factor are unique to each tourist. They are determined by the personality and attitude of individual. To a certain extend, sport tourist may be motivated by push factor. They want to escape from daily routine, explore other form of sports, interact and build friendship with people. This group of tourist want to gain new exposure and achieve something from the trip. 3.4 Pull factor Pull factor is an extrinsic factor. They include price, destination image, marketing and promotion of the host country. According to Higham (2005) destination image is an important attribute that formulate the expectation of the country. Physical attributes include attractions, activities, sporting facilities and physical landscapes. Abstract attributes are atmosphere, crowding, safety and ambience. These attributes are essential to foster a distinct destination brand and advantageous destination imagery. If the country is perceive as a cohesive nation, that is safe and secure for any form of sports to take place, tourist will travel to that country to enjoy the competition. In this way, tourist arrival and expenditure will increase. 4.0 Future Challenges Sport and tourism phenomena are dynamic and fragile. Sport tourism industry will face some future challenges. If these challenges are managed well, sport tourism industry will attract more sports tourist visiting the country. 4.1 Technology advancement With technological advancement, people are able to watch the Games played through the use of sports reporting media such as interactive television and Internet. Now, the question to us: will sports tourists want to travel out of their comfort zone to experience a totally different happening where sounds, sights and ambience can be virtually created? Is there any desire for them to travel to another country if they can watch the Games in the comforts of their home? According to a report on Sydney 2000 Olympics, it show that Sydney 2000 was broadcast in 220 countries and generated more than 36.1 billion television viewing hours. Nine out of ten individuals in the world with access to television watched some part of the Olympics ranging from an average four hours per viewer to more than 37 hours per viewer in Japan. From this statistics, we are able to know that there are many people who do not need to travel to Australia but they are still able to enjoy the Games played. 4.2 Trends in Winter Sport Tourism Winter tourism is an important source of income for many alpine areas. Hence, they are highly dependent on satisfactory snow conditions. Skiing, snowboarding are some of the sports activities that are highly depend on snow. Recently, due to an impact of climate change and weather conditions, the lack of snow during winter season poses a challenge for various countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Austria and etc. Winter tourism depends on good snow conditions. Hence, sport tourism developer and event organizers should focus on ways to improve the situation of this area so as not to lose the ski market tourism. 4.3 Growth of sports tourist seeking alternative sports It is seen as a common trend for sport participants to seek alternative sports and new ways to do sports. They have taken a great interest to play other sports that will bring them more excitement. According to Higham (2005c), unique sport subcultures have emerged in association with alternative sports. The growth of alternative sports will pose as a challenge for any country. A country that wants to develop these alternative sports must invest a substantial sum of money. New, advance infrastructure and facilities has to be built to cater to this group of sport tourists seeking alternative sports. It will be very difficult for a country that does not have the necessary sports resources and expertise to develop alternative sports. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation Sport is ubiquitous as a form of popular culture. There are some ways that sport tourism developer can adopt to minimize the future challenges of sports tourism. Once these challenges are manage well, there will be a steady increase in sport tourist arrivals to the country. 5.1 Invest in snow-making Due to climate change and global warming, sport tourism developer has taken a future step to look at the invention of snow making. According to Higham (2005d), snow making is a technological development that lengthened the ski season in the snow-belt states. It also made sport possible in areas where natural snowfall was less than abundant. Although snow making is an expansive investment, it is seen as an essential way to ensure sport tourism activities take place. Many countries are willing to spend millions of dollar to make artificial snow so that they will capture tourists who want to enjoy the ski facilities and resort. 5.2 Sustainable sport tourism According to (Butler 1993, in Hinch and Higham, 2004), sustainable tourism is tourism in a form which can maintain its viability in an area for indefinite period. The achievement of sustainable sport tourism requires a balance between social goals, economic goals and environmental goals. Sustainable tourism is one of the goals for many sport tourism countries. In order to reach this goal, sport tourism should enhance the social/cultural dimension of the community. Mega-events such as Olympics can include cultural factors of the country. Sport tourist can watch the Games and learn about the culture of the nation at the same time. 5.3 Market diversification Market diversification is a tool that marketers of sport tourism organisation can adopt. It is an effective way to segment the market and reach out to them. The targeted segment will be people who are not tied down to traditional vacation structures. They are more likely to travel during shoulder and off-season period. This group of people are conference delegates, incentive travellers and special interest group. Marketers can consider cross-leverage sport and tourism across the entire marketing mix to attract them. They have the power to spend on any sport activities as they have the luxury of time. According to Higham (2005e), Canmore in Canada is counting on the ageing baby boomers to help eliminate the shoulder season. There are plans drawn up for a health and wellness resort offering a myriad of traditional and non-traditional health services. All in a nutshell, the field of sport and tourism are dynamic industries. Sport tourism organizers and destination managers have to understand and respond to these growing trends in an effective manner. This is so as to achieve a competitive advantage in the sport tourism field. In mega event or small-scale event, organizing committee has to plan and manage all type of activities in sport event in an orderly manner. The success of the event will results in a positive image of tourism destination. It will gain the fame and attract more tourists to the destination to participate or enjoy the sports activities.

Analysis of poetic techniques in The Company of Lovers Essay -- Judith

Judith Wright, who was born during the First World War, lived through, and was greatly influenced by, many wars that Australia had involved herself in. During an interview in 1985, Judith Wright recounts how her childhood was overshadowed by images of war, and therefore many of her earliest memories were connected with war and its effects. The constant presence of danger forced Wright to confront her awareness that all life ends in death, which has haunted her poetry throughout her years. The fear of death and loss has been expressed in 'The Company of Lovers', which was published in 1946, after Wright saw the influence of the Second World War on Australia. Judith Wright's success in translating human existence into poetry has resulted in a rich creation of exuberant expression and sincerity. Her poetry has the ability to connect reason and emotion through various poetic techniques in such a way that knowledge and experience are represented in a powerful yet dense fashion. One would find a great challenge in expressing deep experiences in a poem consisting of simply two octaves. However, through the employment of poetic techniques Judith Wright has captured her knowledge of life and death, and the effects of war, and successfully translated them into her poem ?The Company of Lovers?. This poem reflects an entire generation, worldwide, who went to war, and their lovers and family who were left behind, indicated in the opening line, ?We meet and part now over all the world?. Wright has employed a paradox, ?We meet and part? to encourage an awareness of coinciding union and departure. This paradox serves two functions, to suggest that a brief moment between lovers may soon be disrupted, and to communicate said idea in a condensed... ...remarkable capacity to go beyond and above what can be grasped by the senses. ?The Company of Lovers?, which literally associates love and death, contains a raw essence that supports attributes of reality which explores the connection between inner existence and actual reality, which is effectively and concisely represented through these use of poetic devices, such as paradox? and personification. Wright?s concern with love and death, a feminist and metaphysical issue, had been constantly in her thoughts. However, later in her life, once she had met her lover and had their daughter, she was able to accept death as not an enemy but as phase in the cyclical nature of life. Through the use and develop of poetic techniques, such as structure, language, imagery and movement, Wright has been able to address her concerns with love and death in a vivid but compacted manner.

Native American V.S. African American Education Essay

In assessing the differences in education between African Americans and Natives Americans in the U. S. , the ideals shared by western culture towards these respective minority groups must be taken into account. It is almost as though a triangular relationship is taking place, one in which both parties are a direct byproduct of their interactions with the third. The way in which the American society has viewed American Indians in contrast to members of the black community since 1900 has a dramatic effect on the way Universities and Western society interacts with individual members of the respective groups. Research shows that despite an underlying push among college faculty to better support Native Americans, and even the multiple campaigns for young white western women to take on marriages with Native American in a hope to integrate them and buy their land, what Africans Americans lack in the benefits of being awarded this hospitality and helping hand by the U. S. government they make up for in a willingness to further integrate into American society than the American Indian. The fact of the matter is both Native Americans and African Americans have demonstrated difficulty in transitioning from their respective cultures into the western society, but the possibility for Native American education is virtually crippled by the lack of representation within the western world. Public School System From 1980 throughout the 1990’s, American Indian public schooling was at risk. The Indian Education Act of 1972, also known as Title IV of public law, was the only federal legislation that provided funding for all American Indians and Native Alaskan students in public schools. By 1995, the budget had fallen to 1$ and the entire program was in risk of being shut down until President Clinton vetoed the bill and re-established the bill as a proper source of funding for potential Native American college students. To this day, this act serves as the sole source of federal funding for native American students in the public school system accounting for the very poor quality educational facilities bordering and residing in Native American reservations (Banton, 1998). In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregated education was unconstitutional (Savitt, 2000). In 1963, it was found in the case of Jackson v. the Pasadena City School District that Pasadena manipulated school boundaries in order to maintain racial segregation at Washington Junior High. Washington Junior High was located in a neutral zone, many white parents started moving their children out of the school in the early 1940’s. The result of this was a shift from a 10 percent black population in 1946, to 52 percent in 1958, and then 84 percent in 1964 (Savitt, 2000). Jackson v. the Pasadena City School District marked the courts awareness of this overlooked segregation in the school system. The image of the black America has evolved over the past couple hundred years, since the end of slavery. The media has had a major influence on this as well. This is the same for all races in American society. Joane Nagel addresses this concept in her essay on American Indian Ethnic Renewal. She claims ethnic identity is a trans-historic concept. Scientist, near the end of World War II, classified ethnicity as something that would eventually fade away with evolution, but their theory was continuously opposed by the ethnic resurgence of each generation. People were reclaiming their ethnic identity in newly changing ways. Nagel’s essay argues that even grounds for the definition of ‘blackness’ is up for debate. Where whites can freely choose whether to be considered ethnic or not, blacks don’t have the same choice. On top of this, the media characterizes what it means to be black, and this is done from a white perspective. But Nagel argues that the identification of blackness is no longer as easy a label to assign. This is especially true if one tries to characterize race based solely on the statistics. It is true that the majority of the minorities in this country are in the low income bracket. It’s almost like the definition of ‘ethnic’ has been replaced with ‘poor’. Racial stratification that existed in the U. S. at the beginning of the last century also deprived its colored citizens from the access to the most valuable resources the American society had, from the education, proper medical treatment etc. To make the Afro-Americans believe in the uniqueness of the whites they developed ridiculous theories of the mental or physical prevalence of their race. (Banton, 1998)Despite of the principles about the equality of all of the society’s members that are declared in the contemporary society nowadays, the phenomenon of discrimination still exists in our country. From one viewpoint it is natural for people to treat those who surround them regarding to their age, gender, religious beliefs, physical condition or some other parameters, but when these peculiarities are used for to determine the person’s rights or regulate his or her freedom of action and choice, it created huge problems in interpersonal and social communication, and other processes. Tally’s Corner is the sociological interpretation of the culture of negro street-corner men. Elliot Liebow sets out to show the hypocrisies that lead black men to this circumstance. The study is carried out in Washington D. C. The key argument posed by Liebow is that black males are incapable of attaining jobs because they lack education (1967). He also argues that this is a cycle that inevitably results in a trans-generational marginalization of the black race. On top of this, he argues that the white middle class are unrelenting with their methods of depriving black advancement in American society. Knowledge of this incites many blacks to take dead-end jobs, or to settle for mediocrity in the face of adversity. A large number of black males in America find themselves forced to take jobs that offer no security, or socioeconomic growth. He also argues that many blacks are not very literate and therefore left behind in cultural revolutions like the information age. The main thesis of Liebow’s argument is that black men lack self fulfillment (1967). Liebow’s conclusion is that men can only find self-fulfillment as family providers. He credits their diversion from mainstream society to many different aspects, the fear of failure, the contentment with mediocrity, and the fear that loved one’s will abandon them. This is a very depressing and pessimistic view, considering that the family structure is more prevalently a support system in most cultures. Liebow tributes this difference in family ideals to the conflicted relationship between black men and women (1967). The income that these men bring in is a direct result of their education; ironically, their income will also directly effect the quality of education their children have. Dually, very little research takes into account the affect social environment has on the education of inner city blacks. In their study The Roles of Stress and Coping in Explaining Gender Differences in Risk for Psychopathology Among African American Urban Adolescents Ginger Carlson and Kathryn Grant assess the relations among gender for 1,200 low income African American urban adolescents. In this study girls reported having more symptoms than boys, and having a higher tendency to internalize their responses to stress. Boy stress stemmed from major events, they experienced more exposure to violence, and they had more sexual stressors than girls. Boy in gangs specifically reported a higher rate of sexual stressors and having substance abuse problems (Kazdin & Johnson, 1994; Loeber & Keenan, 1994; Overbeek, Vollebergh, Meeus, Engels, & Luijpers, 2001). Researchers were also adamant to pint out that ethnic minority groups, such as African Americans, are highly underrepresented in gender study literature, which made this collection of information that much more valuable. They found that the lower socioeconomic status and urban environment increased the frequency of stressors as well as the intensity of stressful circumstances. Gender differences in stress, coping, and psychological symptoms in adolescents have been well documented with White, middle-class samples. Results suggest that female adolescents have a higher incidence of psychopathology than do male adolescents (Romano, Tremblay, Vitaro, Zoccolillo, & Pagani, 2001; Steinhausen, 1992). This gender difference appears to be fully accounted for by gender differences in internalizing problems, such as depression and anxiety. (Carlson & Grant, 2001) Dually this inclination towards social anxiety it was reported made African American female adolescents more prone to the insecurities that peer pressure to have sexual intercourse at a younger age only enhancing the threat of catching sexually transmitted diseases, as a well as contributing to emotional distraction from education. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of one’s education in America. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of American society. The Ebonics controversy in America has developed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more serious concern within the public school system. The complex where the nation’s school systems lower their expectations of black youth to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to refer to African American Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading three grade levels below their white counterparts (Griffin, 2006). For the multiple number of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few have been able to counter the adverse culture that has developed in America as a product of Ebonics being considered a valid dialect. A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partly be credited to those doing the research, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article Striving for Success: A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students’ Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the academic performance of Black students has focused on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , competition or compliance) rather than internally (e. g. , love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006). This heavy focus on those blacks who have low quality achievement, has led to a neglect in the understanding of what drives the higher achieving students to be successful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students’ experiences (Griffin, 2006). Griffin goes on to cite an interview with a young black student that was less affluent than others. The dialogue reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighing effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the class room. This is a stigma that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of one’s education in America. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of American society. It can be argued that a single standard curriculum should be equally implemented and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executive curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the best education our country has to offer. Anyon’s article argues in favor of integrated curriculums to equalize the educational system. She feels that lower classes are being exploited; and instead of being substantially educated, the students are being herded into remedial jobs. In compliance with traditional standardized test laws, both public and private schools will be tested, whether they are in the poorest communities or the wealthiest. These will be the new tests to decide whether students carryover to the next grade, whether the schools remain in session, and whether certain children are awarded grants and scholarships. Authentic assessment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to practice logic as apposed to just being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply standardized test curriculum to real life circumstances. Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education, and the ultimate realization that our educational system may not be serving the best interests of its students. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students’ adult life. These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. (Wiggins, 1990) Standardized testing has been long been viewed as the final equalizer for the American Education system. Every top student from every high school, regardless of where their schools rank academically, is given first priority to attend the top private and state Universities. America creates a myth in placing so much faith in these tests that proposes the best of society rise to the top. In all actuality, success on these tests is largely dependant on the quality of schooling provided by the country, or the amount of money one has to shell out on test preparation. In her essay, From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon observes the hypocrisies prevalent in the education system. One of her major points is that in the higher income classrooms the majority of the students’ parents are executives, and only 10% are minorities. A common finding in her research is that the working class schools lack the necessary materials and often enough faculty to be considered equal with the other school systems. Anyon also argues that the curriculums are different. Historically, the most efficient form of learning used in America, more so than even the textbook, is the field trip; this is also known as project based learning (B. I. E. , 2002). It is also a very expensive learning tool, which is why most lower class curriculums are deprived of it. Project based learning has a long lived tradition of learning through the implementation of field trips, labs, investigations and other projects. It is considered to be part of the American dream, as well as a substantial method of teaching. The premise backing this form of learning revolves around the idea that students will be more liable to gain interest in curriculum that they can connect to their surroundings. Just studying the work in a text can grow to be mundane. When she analyzes elementary and secondary classroom curriculums, she finds a methodology very different from what is inherent in Project based education. Anyon discovers that the majority of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are usually not supported in public schools because of the amount of funding they require. This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located near high income housing or low income housing. This is a difficulty that both Native and African Americans share alike. Starting in elementary school on through high school, since the integration of the education system in 1950, minority students such as blacks, Native American and Hispanics, have been geared toward working class fields as opposed to handling positions of an executive nature. Current advancements in Project Based Learning and authentic assessment attempt to counter the herding of minority students into the lesser of what Anyon proposes are the two main types of learning in America. Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies between these two types of schooling in his interview with Marge Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities: A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips (2005). Kozol credits this problem to the use of property tax to fund schools in low income areas. He states: we ought to finance the education of every child in America equitably, with adjustments made only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective wealth of our society, mainly from a steeply graduated progressive income tax. (Kozol, 2005) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most influential step to improving classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals. It has become an American tradition and almost a right of passage in high school. Project Based Management has a very beneficial influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why it’s not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The benefit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is good considering the new shift in standardized testing. The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is dependent on the student’s past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems can’t afford implementing PBL curriculums. Chairperson of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the nature of underprivileged education (2006). Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference between private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom; in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the community. She does this by pointing out that, †¦students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded for classroom behaviors that correspond to personality traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata – the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for initiative and personal assertiveness. (Anyon, 2006) This is the key ideal of Anyon’s theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook. PBL is most prevalent in private and high income community public schools. This creates a system where the students taught in the private schools are taught to think independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a controversial and conflicting history in America. Gary Colombo based much of his research on this conflict. Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its signing were held in private. The media was used conceal the constitution’s actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American government found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class. It is Colombo’s view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation (2005). These educated individuals were viewed as secondary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the Native American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people. He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. †¦our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yours†¦several of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the northern provinces they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners; ignorant of every means of living in the woods; unable to bear either cold or hunger; knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy†¦they were totally good for nothing. (Colombo, 2005) Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its ability to assimilate one into the culture in which they live. This assimilation is not one that produces equal opportunity for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. Anyon argues that today’s working class curriculums center more on teaching students to follow instructions rather than teaching them how to authentically assess problems (2006). It just so happens the majority of these working class group tend to be Black students. She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and decision making. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it is only just that they receive the same educational curriculums. Lower income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions. This is an immoral practice, but there are risks that can occur if Anyon’s elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country (2006). Everyone can not manage the corporation some have to toil for the sake of the company. The working class may potentially have a better understanding of executive duties, if Anyon’s curriculum is implemented (2006). With a greater appreciation for the business structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyon’s theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select. This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation it’s in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is wise to utilize Anyon’s elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Universities & Extended Education In 2002, Native Americans made up less than 1% the student population enrolled in college, and most of them attended two year programs in tribal regions (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008). It is was also found that Native Americans reported having a low retention rate in American Universities, estimated as low as 15%. The statistics and the circumstance differing between Native Americans and African Americans in the their relationships with Western culture. While blacks have had a complex history with the United States, the history of Native Americans has been virtually non-existent. The relationship the black community has with western culture has a much different effect on the young black college student attending for the first time than the native American community backing the young American Indian student. Numerous studies of Native American students who attend mainstream colleges and universities suggest that factors such as precollege academic preparation, family support, supportive and involved faculty, institutional commitment, and maintaining an active presence in home communities and cultural ceremonies are crucial elements that impact these students’ ability and/or desire to persist in college. (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008) These concerns by the Native American student are no different from those of any other student from any other cultural background; the conflict arises when the ideals developed within the confines of the reservation contrast those in the outside world and the University. While African American communities, throughout the years, have had a history of political and social descent from the American government and western culture, they are still legally a part of America and by that rule of law they can only revolt so much without impeding their own away of life. Studies show that there is an overwhelming push by the Indian community in American reservations to stray from leaving the land and to avoid integration with the government. With over 304 American Indian reservations, the U. S. Federal government would just as easily prefer to give the land to the Indians for a decided value and then have them pay property tax. This is a tactic that has long been avoided by the Native American Tribes, since 1887, when the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States strictly for American Indians. The plan called for an allotted 80 acres to be given to each Native American from each respective Tribe. It was the job of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to make sure these allotted lands stayed in a trust for at least 25 years, after which Native American land owners would receive a patent for their land. The a fear that arose from this in many tribes was that the land would eventually be sold to non-Indian citizens run corporations or citizens, or that the tax on the land would be overwhelming for Tribal members who had no way of accruing income. The end result was a rejection of this proposal by native American Tribes. This only further exemplifies the nature of the relationship between Native Americans and the United States government. This inherent distrust of western culture is carried into the first year adjustment process for Native American students and makes it very difficult for them to integrate and eventually graduate from the program. In the article, It’s About Family: Native American Student Persistence in Higher Education, researchers asses barriers to degree completion as they relate to Native American students at Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and Montana State University (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008). And 2002 May Americans represented less than 1% of all students enrolled in college. Year to year persistence rates were uncertain, but throughout the years Native Americans have proven to have the lowest retention rate. The study points out that the lack of Native American faculty contributes to difficulty American Indians have in adjusting to Universities, but there has also been a recent push to train university faculty in better handling Native American. While this is also often true for African American students, it is very rare in the modern era that one can find a University where there are absolutely no black faculty, or at least some form of Black student organization for community support. The major conflict that arises for a Native American student in an American University stems from an unwillingness or incapability to integrate into western culture. While the same could be argued in reference to blacks, American Indians lack the same level of community support that is present in western society for black Americans. There are very few clubs in colleges for American Indians, very few organizations to address American Indian issues. On the other hand, because there is such a miniscule presence of Native Americans in the public school system, there is an unsaid push by school officials as well as western society to incorporate Native Americans into popular culture. This push is not promoted for the sake of bettering the American Indians In her article Margins of Acceptability, Katherine Ellinghaus assess the impact of reservation ideals on the ability of the Native American student to cross-over into the culture of Western Universities, but she points out America’s desire to claim land reserved for Native Americans and incorporate them into American society inadvertently created a need for these men and women to be adopted into the culture. Methods of promoting young men and women to marry Native Americans on college campuses and in different communities was widely encouraged due to this need. This is something that is very different from how the interracial relationships between blacks and whites are perceived. The majority of African American physicians graduated from universities specifically designated for blacks. There was only a small number of northern universities that accepted black candidates for medical degrees following the Civil War (Savitt, 2000). Following emancipation white northern missionary groups and former abolitionists, specifically the American Baptist Home Mission Society, American Missionary Association, and Freedmen’s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church constructed a number of schools in the south to teach basic educational skills to blacks. These schools basically taught former slaves practical job skills, literacy and eventually extended their teachings to medical education. The most distinguished and successful of these medical schools were in universities such has Howard in Washington, D. C., Leonard Medical,School of Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Meharry Medical College in Nashville (Savitt, 2000). During the late 1880’s, the majority of the African American population resided in the south, those blacks who studied to be physicians in missionaries eventually followed in the path of the white medical tradition and constructed their own medical school proprieties. The first of these institutions was Louisville National Medical College in 1888, then Hannibal Medical College (Memphis, 1889), and Chattanooga National Medical College (1899) (Savitt, 2000). The ability of African American students to establish early on success in the medical world and then return to establish black run institutions is prime example of the difference between the reluctance of Native Americans to participate in education and the opportunities created for themselves. Black medical schools encountered many difficulties that their white counterparts did not. They also faced problems that black missionary schools didn’t have to confront. Missionary and proprietary school officials had equal ability and opportunity to raise money and garner community support among whites and blacks, but missionary schools have the advantage of being connected to a major university and being able to benefit from the resources. Missionary schools also held the advantage of being connected with nationally known and respected church organizations, which also served well in gaining sympathy a mom white Northerners. Proprietary colleges on the other hand were isolated and independent. There were no missionary magazines to report on their successes or to provide them with free advertising. These up-starting universities also had very few wealthy alumni to help funding for classrooms or to pay faculty. Nevertheless, these minor steps are more like leaps compared to the Native American experience in the medical field. Of the small few who did manage to attend universities and graduate, the likely-hood of them going on to become medical partitions was largely impeded by a sacred adherence to the medicinal pr